Sub-Pillar 5.2: Innovation Linkages
Other Information:
Innovation linkages and public/private/academic partnerships are essential to innovation (see Chapters 2.11 of The Global
Innovation Index 2012: Stronger Innovation Linkages for Global Growth). In emerging markets, pockets of wealth have developed
around industrial or technological clusters and networks, in sharp contrast to the poverty that may prevail in the rest of
the territory. The innovation linkages sub-pillar draws on both qualitative and quantitative data regarding business/university
collaboration on R&D, the prevalence of well-developed and deep clusters, the level of gross R&D expenditure financed by abroad,
and the number of deals on joint ventures and strategic alliances. The latter covers a total of 4,078 deals announced in 2012,
with firms headquartered in 139 participating economies.14 In addition, the total number of Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)
and national office published patent family applications filed by residents in at least three offices is included this year
to proxy for international linkages.15 In broad terms, pillar 4 on market sophistication makes the case that well-functioning
markets contribute to the innovation environment through competitive pressure, efficiency gains, and economies of transaction
and by allowing supply to meet demand. Markets that are open to foreign trade and investment have the additional effect of
exposing domestic firms to best practices around the globe, which is critical to innovation through knowledge absorption and
diffusion, which are considered in pillars 5 and 6.
Indicator(s):
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